Fig. 4

MMA drives EMT in CRC cells through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. A, B Wnt signaling pathway related genes, including FZD3, DKK1, PRKCA and FZD4, were upregulated in both HCT116 (A) and SW480 (B) cells treated with MMA, as observed with gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and RT-PCR. C–F Western blot analysis of the protein levels of Wnt/β-catenin signaling -related proteins showed that the expression of β-catenin increased while p-GSK-3β (Ser9) decreased in both HCT116 (C, D) and SW480 (E, F) cells treated with MMA. (**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001)