Fig. 3

Schematic representation of multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms in cancer cells. This is a schematic representation of the different mechanisms that lead to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells. Arrows illustrating their interactions and pathways are used to demonstrate the essential mechanisms, which include drug efflux, changes in drug levels, drug inactivation, EMT, the tumor microenvironment, DNA damage repair, cancer stem cells, and immune evasion. A mechanism is represented by each colored ellipse, and the linkages or signaling exchanges between these mechanisms are shown by arrows. This streamlined illustration aids in illustrating the intricacy of MDR in cancer [135]