Fig. 1

PTM-stimulated DCs combined with PTM enhance antigen-specific T cells in cancer immune responses. (a) A scheme to increase the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes involves the activation of extracellular DCs while concurrently introducing plasma-treated medium (PTM) treatment to inhibit tumor progression and activate immune T cells. (b) Optical emission spectrum (OES) of a non-thermal plasma jet with nitrogen at 200–500 nm. (c-d) H₂O₂ and NO₂ concentrations corresponding to PTM stored at 15 ℃, 4 ℃, − 20 ℃, and − 80 ℃ for 10 or 20 d, determined using Amplex™ Red Reagent and Griess reagent assay, respectively. Results presented as the mean ± SEM of three replicates. These experiments were analyzed using a two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test. *p < 0.01 (15 ℃), 20 d vs. PTM immediately following the preparation (0 d); **p < 0.01 (4 ℃ or 20 ℃), 10 or 20 d vs. 0 d. **p < 0.01 (− 80 ℃), 20 d vs. 0 d