Fig. 4

Prognostic model evaluation and validation. A–C It depicts risk score distributions and their correlation with survival in the training, test, and TCGA cohorts through risk score curves. D–F Scatter plots were used to visualize the distribution of survival time and risk score in the training, test, and TCGA cohorts. G–I Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis was performed in the training, test, and TCGA cohorts. J–L Additionally, time-dependent ROC curves evaluate the model's accuracy in predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival across the training, test, and TCGA patient sets