Table 2 Liposome in cancer treatment

PEGylated LP

ES-SSL-OXA/PTX

Ovarian cancer (SKOV-3 tumor)

The thin film hydration approach was used to create ES-SSL-OXA/PTX, which displayed a homogeneous spherical shape. According to the HPLC technique, the EE for OXA was 44.10%, and for PTX, it was 65.85%. The average particle size was 168.46 nm, and the PDI was 0.145. Research on the targeting capabilities of ES-SSL-OXA/PTX in both living organisms and laboratory settings has shown that it is very effective

Researchers created a novel estrogen-targeted PEGylated LP (ES-SSL-OXA/PTX) loaded with PTX and oxaliplatin. With an 85.24% tumor inhibition rate, ES-SSL-OXA/PTX demonstrated enhanced anticancer efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo settings by inhibiting the growth of SKOV-3 cells and the development of tumors

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TSL

Combination of DOX&HAuNS-TSL and NIR laser

Human liver carcinoma

When comparing OMP-HAuNS with OMP alone, the faint characteristic peak of the hydrosulfide group at 2500 cm⁻¹ ~ 2900 cm⁻¹ vanished entirely. This indicates that the -SH group in OMP converted to -S–Au. The charge on HAuNS was negative, measuring 49.6 mV. The OMP-HAuNS ζ-potential was almost neutral after the alteration. According to DLS, the average diameter of the blank TSL was 102.7 nm. The average diameter of DOX&HAuNS-TSL, as measured by DLS, grew dramatically to 154.8 nm as a result of the encapsulation of DOX and HAuNS

When the LPs (DOX&HAuNS-TSL) are exposed to an NIR laser, DOX may be released quickly and repeatedly. Due to the combined photothermal and chemotherapeutic activity, an in vivo anticancer evaluation revealed that resulted in considerably greater antitumor effectiveness compared to the use of HAuNS-TSL and NIR laser alone

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Core-interlayer-shell MSNs@CaP@PEGylated LPs

Enhanced Synergetic Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy

HeLa cells

The core particles of the MSNs were synthesized using the standard base-catalyzed sol–gel process using a hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) template. The size and ζ-potential of MSNs@CaP@PEGylated LPs are 122 ± 5 nm and 17.1 ± 2.7 mV, respectively

In vitro studies suggested that CaP may enhance NP cellular absorption and offer pH-triggered, regulated drug release. Still, it may also raise endo/lysosome osmotic pressure, which may lead to cell death. The photosensitizer ZnPc also facilitated the chemotherapy with DOX and PDT. Additionally, by the EPR effect, the MSNs@CaP@PEGylated LPs demonstrated exceptional tumor-targeting capabilities

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TRAIL/anti-CD335 LPs

Natural killer (NK) cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC)

The LPs were made via a thin-film hydration method and then extruded to a diameter of around 100 nm. With no changes in polydispersity, the size increased from 109.3 ± 2.1 to 122.5 ± 2.9 nm, confirming the successful conjugation of anti-CD335 and TRAIL

These “Super Natural Killer Cells” adhered to the surface of NK cells and were more successful than NK cells alone in inducing TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in oxaliplatin-resistant SW620 cells and metastatic COLO205 CRC cells. NK cells provide a promising therapeutic target to prevent disease transmission to the lymph nodes

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