Table 6 Theranostic hybrid liposome in cancer detection and treatment

Liposome–quantum dot (L–QD) hybrid vesicles

HeLa cells

L–QD hybrid

Liposomal-topotecan (L-TPT)

Researchers selected cholesterol and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) in a 7:3 ratio. The plain LPs had an average size of around 132 nm. The size of the LP increased by about 6 nm after the trapping of QDs in the lipid bilayer. The encapsulation of TPT into L-QD had no impact on the size. In addition, researchers evaluated the LPs for their storage stability. No notable variations in size distribution, ζ-potential, or PDI were seen at 4 °C throughout the two months

The physicochemical features of the TPT-loaded L-QD hybrid are good, and it shows potential as a multifunctional delivery vehicle that may concurrently transport therapeutic and diagnostic chemicals

[190]

Polyoxyethylene dodecyl ether (C12(EO)25) and L-α-dimyristylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), as well as the capacity of an HL-containing fluorescent

Breast cancer (BC)

HL containing a fluorescent probe (ICG)

Anti-HER-2 antibody (trastuzumab) targeting HER-2

LPs that combine DMPC and Tween 20 form a hybrid. Researchers used sonication to prepare HL. A limited and single distribution was observed for the hydrodynamic diameter (dhy) of HL, which was less than 100 nm. For about a month, HL remained steady. While DMPC LPs were stable for up to 14 days, they eventually precipitated

HL and HL/ICG may be excellent options for theranostic targets due to their therapeutic advantages and ability to recognize (detect) illness in an orthotopic graft model mice of BC (MDA-MB-453)

[191, 202]

Liposomal nanohybrid cerasomes with porphyrin

Colorectal malignancies (CRCs)

IRDye800CW and MRI contrast DOTA-Gd

Cetuximab, an anti-EGFR antibody

Gd-DSPE-DOTA, DSPE-IRDyeCW800, DSPE-PEG-EGFR, and fearsome-forming lipids were dissolved in DMSO in a molar ratio of 70:25:0.1:5. With no discernible difference, the porphyrin encapsulation effectiveness of EGFR-CPIG and IgG-CPIG both above 86%, and negative ζ-potential of around 40 mV was clearly seen in both. The two varieties of porphyrin-loaded cerasomes were uniform in size and shape, measuring 80 to 100 nm in diameter

Because GNRs are adorned on both the inside and outside of bilayer surfaces, they not only function as a photothermal agent and enhance drug release in the intracellular milieu of cancer cells, but they also provide LPs mechanical strength

[192]

Au nanorods-liposome (GNR-LP)

BC cells MDA-MB-231

Au nanorods

DOX

Lipidic film self-assembly GNR-LP nanohybrids were helped to develop by DPPC and DSPC bilayers mixed 1:9 with surface-modified GNRs. Microscopic methods were used to establish the spherical shape of the GNR-LP nanohybrid, which had an average diameter of 170 nm ± 10 nm. The hydrodynamic size was estimated to be around 160–180 nm

However, GNRs enhance drug release in the intracellular milieu of cancer cells and act as a photothermal agent. However, since they are adorned on the inside and outside of bilayer surfaces, they also provide LPs mechanical strength

[193]

MTX-MagTSLs

HeLa cells

Cy5.5, a lipophilic fluorescent dye

DOX

A thermo-sensitive magnetoliposome modified with MTX, consisting of the following components: DPPC, chlorophyll, SA, DSPE-PEG2000, and DSPE-PEG2000-MTX. A thin film dispersion approach was used to manufacture MTX-MagTSLs utilizing MNPs and TSLs. Then, Dox was encapsulated using the ammonium sulphate gradient loading method. With MTX-MagTSLs, the EE of MNPs was 87.6 ± 1.83%. Researchers showed that MTX-MagTSLs often clumped together in primitive form, with an initial size of 107.5 ± 1.19 nm and little change after one week (112.3 ± 2.19 nm), as verified by DLS. Primitive ζ-potential was also seen to be approximately 16.8 ± 1.2 mV

This method, which employs an alternating magnetic field (AMF), facilitates the release of DOX and generates a dual-imaging effect that confirms the accumulation of MTX-MagTSLs in the tumor region

[196]

CG-loaded TSL

BC (4T1 cells)

Indocyanine green (ICG)

DOX @ Gd doped-MSNs

On average, the DOX@GdMSNs-ICG-TSLs were around 233.8 nm in size. In double-distilled water, the PDI was 0.306. Before adding a serum, the PDI for cell-culture media was 0.291; after adding a serum, it was 0.298. With a ζ-potential of − 25.2 mV, the nanoparticle proved to be very stable

The multifunctional nanocomposite showed promise as a novel theranostic nanoplatforms that might transform the treatment of cancer

[194]