Fig. 3

The nomogram, established by integrating risk scores with clinical indicators, demonstrates an improved predictive capability for the prognosis of HCC patients. A Cox univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on clinical factors such as age, gender, tumor TNM staging, and risk score. B A nomogram that utilizes age, tumor T stage, and risk score was constructed to predict the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of HCC patients. (C) Calibration curves of the nomogram for predicting the overall survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years for HCC patients compared to actual survival rates. D The concordance index (CI) over time of the risk prediction model and clinical univariate models such as T staging, age, and a model combining these factors. E and F Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the T stage model, age model, risk score model, and a comprehensive model combining all three, in predicting the overall survival at 1 and 3 years for HCC patients