Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population according to whole grain food consumption
From: Association of whole grain food consumption with lung cancer risk: a prospective cohort study
Characteristic | Quarters of whole grain food consumption, g/day | Full Sample | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (< 1.0) | Q2 (6.3 < 13.3) | Q3 (13.3-<23.2) | Q4 (≥ 23.2) | |||
No. of participants | 25,435 | 25,432 | 25,434 | 25,431 | 101,732 | Â |
Age(year) | 61.8 ± 5.2 | 62.4 ± 5.2 | 62.7 ± 5.3 | 63.1 ± 5.3 | 62.5 ± 5.3 | < 0.001 |
Male, n (%) | 11,699(46.0) | 11,603(45.6) | 12,931(50.8) | 13,954(54.9) | 50,187(49.3) | < 0.001 |
Study arm (intervention, n, %) | 12,766(50.2) | 12,935(50.9) | 13,168(51.8) | 13,321(52.4) | 52,190(51.3) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 ± 4.9 | 27.4 ± 4.8 | 27.2 ± 4.7 | 27.0 ± 4.8 | 27.2 ± 4.8 | < 0.001 |
Physical activity, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Less than once/month | 2430(9.6) | 1982(7.8) | 1760(6.9) | 1600(6.3) | 7772(7.6) |  |
 More than once/month | 15,022(59.0) | 16,489(64.8) | 16,818(66.1) | 16,550(65.1) | 64,879(63.8) |  |
 Unknown | 7983(31.4) | 6961(27.4) | 6856(27.0) | 7281(28.6) | 29,081(28.6) |  |
Current and former smoking, n(%) | 14,784(58.1) | 13,296(52.3) | 12,827(50.4) | 12,573(49.4) | 53,480(52.6) | < 0.001 |
Prevalent diabetes mellitus, n(%) | 1416(5.6) | 1590(6.3) | 1736(6.8) | 2140(8.4) | 6882(6.8) | < 0.001 |
Prevalent hypertension, n(%) | 8600(33.8) | 8272(32.5) | 8160(32.1) | 8262 (32.5) | 33,294(32.7) | < 0.001 |
Family history of any cancer, n(%) | 14,215(55.9) | 14,415(56.7) | 14,275(56.1) | 14,225(55.9) | 57,130(56.2) | 0.253 |
Family history of lung cancer, n(%) | 2906(11.4) | 2655(10.4) | 2712(10.7) | 2624(10.3) | 10,897(10.7) | < 0.001 |
Employment, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Working | 11,105(43.7) | 10,162(40.0) | 9705(38.2) | 9420(37.0) | 40,392(39.7) |  |
 Retired | 9893(38.9) | 10,737(42.1) | 11,521(45.3) | 12,037(47.4) | 44,188(43.4) |  |
 Unemployed | 4329(17.0) | 4417(17.4) | 4078(16.0) | 3868(15.2) | 16,692(16.4) |  |
 Unknown | 108(0.4) | 116(0.5) | 130(0.5) | 106(0.4) | 460(0.5) |  |
Education, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No high school degree | 1761(6.9) | 1364(5.4) | 1369(5.4) | 1706(6.7) | 6200(6.1) |  |
 High school degree | 9920(39.0) | 9202(36.2) | 8760(34.4) | 8820(34.7) | 36,702(36.1) |  |
 Some college | 5620(22.1) | 5565(21.9) | 5334(21.0) | 5263(20.7) | 21,782(21.4) |  |
 College degree or postgraduate | 8134(32.0) | 9301(36.5) | 9971(39.2) | 9642(37.9) | 37,048(36.4) |  |
Marital status, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Single | 788(3.1) | 764(3.0) | 766(3.0) | 890(3.5) | 3208(3.2) |  |
 Married | 19,638(77.2) | 20,234(79.6) | 20,251(79.6) | 19,621(77.2) | 79,744(78.4) |  |
 No longer married | 4966(19.5) | 4389(17.3) | 4366(17.2) | 4876(19.2) | 18,597(18.3) |  |
 Unknown | 43(0.2) | 45(0.2) | 51(0.2) | 44(0.2) | 183(0.2) |  |
Race |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Non-Hispanic White | 22,771(89.6) | 23,550(92.6) | 23,686(93.2) | 22,621(89.0) | 92,628(91.1) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 669(2.6) | 628(2.4) | 722(2.8) | 1336(5.2) | 3355(3.3) |  |
 Hispanic | 431(1.7) | 345(1.4) | 313(1.2) | 380(1.5) | 1469(1.4) |  |
 Others | 1564(6.1) | 909(3.6) | 713(2.8) | 1094(4.3) | 4280(4.2) |  |
Total caloric intake (Cal/d) | 1547.1 ± 724.4 | 1642.0 ± 680.2 | 1783.5 ± 682.6 | 1971.1 ± 758.7 | 1735.9 ± 729.9 | < 0.001 |
Healthy Eating Index-2015 | 61.2 ± 9.6 | 65.7 ± 9.0 | 68.3 ± 8.7 | 70.8 ± 8.7 | 66.5 ± 9.7 | < 0.001 |
Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 11.7 ± 29.2 | 9.7 ± 24.3 | 8.7 ± 20.6 | 7.2 ± 18.6 | 9.3 ± 23.6 | < 0.001 |
Macronutrients intake | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Carbohydrates(g/d) | 182.4 ± 85.0 | 204.5 ± 78.4 | 231.8 ± 81.7 | 266.7 ± 95.7 | 221.4 ± 91.1 | < 0.001 |
 Protein(g/d) | 57.8 ± 29.0 | 63.0 ± 27.8 | 69.0 ± 28.4 | 76.4 ± 32.1 | 66.6 ± 30.2 | < 0.001 |
 SFA(g/d) | 20.1 ± 12.0 | 19.5 ± 11.5 | 19.1 ± 11.1 | 20.9 ± 12.1 | 19.9 ± 11.7 | < 0.001 |
 MUFA(g/d) | 23.8 ± 13.4 | 23.1 ± 12.9 | 22.5 ± 12.5 | 24.9 ± 13.8 | 23.6 ± 13.2 | < 0.001 |
 PUFA(g/d) | 13.1 ± 7.6 | 13.4 ± 7.2 | 14.2 ± 7.3 | 15.5 ± 8.0 | 14.1 ± 7.6 | < 0.001 |
Food consumption |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Fruit(g/d) | 209.9 ± 200.9 | 252.9 ± 194.9 | 289.2 ± 203.2 | 340.9 ± 239.9 | 273.2 ± 215.9 | < 0.001 |
 Vegetable(g/d) | 242.8 ± 173.3 | 262.9 ± 164.3 | 288.5 ± 173.4 | 337.3 ± 209.1 | 282.9 ± 184.3 | < 0.001 |
 Whole grain foods(g/d) | 3.0 ± 1.9 | 9.7 ± 2.0 | 17.6 ± 2.9 | 40.6 ± 19.3 | 17.7 ± 17.3 | < 0.001 |
 Red meat(g/d) | 63.6 ± 55.1 | 61.2 ± 50.6 | 61.2 ± 49.7 | 60.4 ± 53.0 | 61.6 ± 52.2 | < 0.001 |
 Dietary fiber(g/d) | 13.4 ± 6.8 | 16.1 ± 6.6 | 19.2 ± 7.3 | 23.2 ± 9.2 | 18.0 ± 8.4 | < 0.001 |
 Added sugar(tsp/d) | 11.8 ± 10.6 | 11.9 ± 8.7 | 12.8 ± 8.5 | 13.6 ± 9.0 | 12.5 ± 9.3 | < 0.001 |
Mineral intake |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Sodium(mg/d) | 2364.7 ± 1150.2 | 2570.9 ± 1102.9 | 2824.7 ± 1128.4 | 2732.3 ± 1212.9 | 2364.7 ± 1150.2 | < 0.001 |
 Potassium(mg/d) | 2771.5 ± 1143.4 | 3074.1 ± 1116.6 | 3384.0 ± 1165.1 | 3747.7 ± 1341.5 | 3244.3 ± 1248.6 | < 0.001 |
 Calcium(mg/d) | 593.4 ± 355.1 | 701.9 ± 362.6 | 801.8 ± 386.8 | 897.6 ± 436.3 | 748.7 ± 402.8 | < 0.001 |
 Magnesium(mg/d) | 265.0 ± 113.3 | 299.1 ± 109.1 | 337.7 ± 114.1 | 385.4 ± 134.9 | 321.8 ± 126.5 | < 0.001 |