Association of whole grain food consumption with lung cancer risk: a prospective cohort study

Table 3 Cox proportional hazard ratios for lung cancer of whole grain food consumption categories

Variables	Quarters of whole grain food consumption, g/day				P for trend
Variables	Q1 (< 1.0)	Q2 (6.3 < 13.3)	Q3 (13.3-<23.2)	Q4 (≥ 23.2)	P for trend
No. of participants	25,435	25,432	25,434	25,431
Lung cancer
No. of events	534	429	381	362
Person-years	298028.1	303195.5	306396.4	305913.2
Rate per 1000 person-years	1.8	1.4	1.2	1.2
Unadjusted	1.00 (reference)	0.78(0.69–0.89)	0.69(0.60–0.78)	0.65(0.57–0.74)	< 0.001
Model 1	1.00 (reference)	0.84(0.75–0.94)	0.72(0.65–0.81)	0.67(0.60–0.76)	< 0.001
Model 2	1.00 (reference)	0.93(0.83–1.06)	0.86(0.75–0.99)	0.84(0.73–0.98)	< 0.001
Non-small cell lung cancer
No. of events	463	372	326	312
Person-years	297425.1	302775.9	306005.3	305562.6
Rate per 1000 person-years	1.6	1.2	1.1	1.0
Unadjusted	1.00 (reference)	0.78(0.68–0.90)	0.68(0.59–0.78)	0.65(0.56–0.75)	< 0.001
Model 1	1.00 (reference)	0.85(0.75–0.97)	0.72(0.63–0.81)	0.68(0.60–0.77)	< 0.001
Model 2	1.00 (reference)	0.93(0.76–1.15)	0.86(0.66–1.05)	0.83(0.69–0.98)	< 0.001
Small cell lung cancer
No. of events	71	57	55	50
Person-years	294525.1	300454.0	303836.2	303611.0
Rate per 1000 person-years	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Unadjusted	1.00 (reference)	0.78(0.55–1.11)	0.74(0.52–1.06)	0.67(0.47–0.97)	0.032
Model 1	1.00 (reference)	0.86(0.63–1.18)	0.79(0.58–1.09)	0.78(0.59–0.96)	0.004
Model 2	1.00 (reference)	1.05(0.75–1.52)	1.06(0.73–1.57)	0.95(0.63–1.44)	0.187

Values are hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals)
Model 1: Adjusted for sex, age, race, and family history of lung cancer
Model 2: Adjusted for model 1 plus, prevalent hypertension, prevalent diabetes, smoking status, total energy intake, alcohol consumption, HEI-2015 score, employment status, marital status, physical activity status, and BMI
Abbreviations: HEI-2015, Healthy Eating Index-2015; BMI, body mass index

ISSN: 1475-2867