Fig. 1

DPD inhibits GBM cell proliferation through a non-apoptotic pathway. A) DPD chemical structure. B) Three cell lines, U87MG, LN229MG, and U251MG, were treated with a specified concentration of DPD for 48 h. Cell viability was measured by CCK8 assay. C, D) U87MG and LN229MG cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of DPD for 10 d. A colony formation assay was used to measure the proliferative capacity of the cells (C), and the number of colonies (≥ 50 cells) was counted using ImageJ Fiji software (D). E, F) GBM cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of DPD for 48 h. After staining with Annexin V-FITC/PI, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (E), and the apoptosis rate was calculated (F). G) Expression levels of caspase-3 and cleaved PARP in U87MG and LN229MG cells after 48 h treatment with DPD. The experimental data are expressed as mean ± SD (NS no significant change; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001, compared with the control group)