Fig. 1

Expression and prognosis analysis of PAPPA in the database. A PAPPA gene expression in STAD and normal tissues from the TCGA database revealed a notable upregulation of PAPPA in tumors compared to normal tissues. B Relative expression levels of PAPPA in 415 GC tissues and 34 normal tissues from TCGA database. C The expression levels of PAPPA vary across different stages of GC tissues, with a positive correlation observed between PAPPA expression and tumor stage progression. D Expression levels of the PAPPA gene across various grades of GC tissues demonstrate a positive correlation with tumor grading, with the highest expression observed at grade 3. E Comparing GC tissues to normal tissues, PAPPA expression was elevated in with or without lymph node metastasis *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001