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Table 2 Drugs or medicines for HCC according to the copper mechanism

From: Cuproplasia and cuproptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanisms, relationship and potential role in tumor microenvironment and treatment

Researchers

Types of Medicine

Medicines

Mechanisms

References

Caroline I Davis et al

Copper chelators

Tetrathiomolybdate(TTM)

Cuproplasia

TTM can reduce the tumorigenicity of HCC cell lines as well as inhibit glycolysis to reduce the energy supply to tumor cells

[33]

Sone K.; Yoshii J. et al

 

Trientine

 

Trientine can suppress neovascularization, inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, and promote cell apoptosis

[138, 139]

Yoshii J. et al

 

Penicillamine

 

Penicillamine can inhibit angiogenesis to suppress the development of HCC

[138]

Mi Yang et al

 

Tetravinylpentylamine

 

Tetravinylpentylamine resensitizes the tumor cells to radiation in mice-fed copper

[159]

Saman Khan et al

 

ligand-L

 

ligand-L induces ROS production, causing DNA, protein, and lipid damage, and promotes HCC cell death

[173]

Zhou B. et al

Copper ionophores

Disulfiram (DSF)

Cuproptosis

DSF/Cu can inhibit the activity of PARP1, promote the phosphorylation of GSK-3β at the Ser9 site, and ultimately lead to the increase of PD-L1 expression and stimulate cell apoptosis

[68]

Gao F. et al.; Li D. et al

 

Elesclomol

 

Elesclomol can induce cuproptosis in HCC cells while causing the loss of lipoylated mitochondrial proteins and Fe-S cluster protein

[142, 174]

Wachsmann J. et al

 

Ionic [63] CuCl2

 

hctr1 gene expression is often upregulated in HCC cells, where Ionic [63]CuCl2 can be used in radiation therapy

[52]

Yuan Ji et al

 

SIH-1

 

SIH-1 releases copper through GSH, causing redox imbalance and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 cells

[175]

Tianxiu Dong et al

Nano-copper

PFP@PLGA/Cu12Sb4S13 nanocapsule (PPCu)

Cuproptosis

PPCu can inhibit the RAS/MAPK/MT-CO1 signaling pathway, normal mitochondrial function, and promote apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells

[176]

Jean-Pascal Piret et al

 

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs)

 

CuO NPs can stimulate human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells to produce ROS, activate AP-1, as well as activate MAPK, ERKs, and JNK/SAPK signaling pathways

[177]

Siddiqui et al

   

CuONPs can play an antitumor role in Hep G2 cells by up-regulating caspase-3 gene expression

[47]

Zheng Yang et al

 

Au25(NAMB)18 NCs-Cu2 + @SA/HA NHGsC

 

Au25(NAMB)18 NCs-Cu2 + @SA/HA NHGsC possesses targeted and NIR laser-responsive properties and depletes overexpressed GSH and H2O2 in the TME. Its imaging properties enable image-guided diagnosis and treatment of tumors

[178]

  1. AP-1 activator protein-1, ERK extracellular regulated protein kinases, GSK-3β glycogen synthase kinase 3β, hctr1 human copper transporter 1, JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase, ligand-L di(2-picolyl)amine-3(bromoacetyl)coumarin hybrid molecule, MAPK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, MT-CO1 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I Gene, PARP1 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, PD-1 programmed cell death protein 1, RAS rat sarcoma, SAPK stress-activated protein kinase, SIH-1 salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone
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Cancer Cell International

ISSN: 1475-2867

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