Fig. 1

Research workflow and the preliminary screening of the methylation markers. A A workflow indicating the study design. DMG, differential methylation gene. WBC, white blood cell. WGBS, whole genome bisulfite sequencing. BLCA, bladder urothelial carcinoma. UC, urothelium carcinoma. qMSP, quantitative methylation-specific PCR. B The distribution of differential DNA methylation sites across autosomes analyzed by in-house WGBS data. The standard of filtering differential sites was defined as the absolute mean difference being greater than 0.05 (|delta|> 0.05) per 100 k genomic interval. The regions colored in green, less differential sites. The regions colored in red, more differential sites. The total number of differential sites on autosomes is 10,834. C Heatmaps showed methylation levels respectively for selected 25 potential markers and 12 potential markers in different groups of samples. Left panel, 9 UC tumor tissues and 7 non-UC tissues were tested by WGBS. Right panel, urine samples from 10 UC patients and 10 non-UC individuals were tested by panel-targeted deep methylation sequencing. The scale bars indicate the methylation levels scaled by Z-score, which red means high level and blue means low level. D The plots presented by IGV tool showed the VIM gene methylation in tissues and urine samples. The data processed were derived from BAM file alignments. Red represents T, thymine. Blue represents C, cytosine. Green represents G, guanine