Fig. 2

Melanoma TME effects on DC differentiation and metabolic pathways. Melanoma tumor cells secrete various molecules, including HMG-B1, IL-1, PGE-2, and TGF-β, which can exert both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects. These molecules significantly impact the differentiation of dendritic cells and their associated metabolic pathways. For example, IL-1 promotes the development of immunogenic dendritic cells that engage in aerobic glycolysis, thereby facilitating anti-tumor responses. Conversely, TGF-β leads to the formation of tolerogenic dendritic cells that rely on OXPHOS and FAO pathways, ultimately supporting tumor growth and angiogenesiss. Abbreviations: DC: Dendritic cell, IL: Interleukin, IFN-I: The Type-I interferons, CD: Cluster of differentiation, MHC: Major histocompatibility complex, ATP; Adenosine triphosphate. PPP; The pentose phosphate pathway. TCA; The citric acid cycle, OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation, TLR: Toll-like receptors, Treg: Regulatory T cells, PD-L1/2: program cell death 1/2, TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta, FAO: Fatty acid oxidation, P2X: Purinergic receptors, RIG-I: Retinoic acid-inducible gene I, CXCL10: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, CRT; Calreticulin, ICD: Immunogenic Cell Death, HMG-B1: High Mobility Group Box 1, PGE-2: Prostaglandin E2, TME: Tumor micro environment,