Table 1 Comparative metabolic and functional characteristics of iDCs and tDCs
From: A new era in melanoma immunotherapy: focus on DCs metabolic reprogramming
Aspect | iDCs | tDCs |
|---|---|---|
Primary Metabolic Pathway | Glycolysis: Increased glycolysis for rapid ATP production. | OXPHOS: Relies on mitochondrial respiration and fatty acid oxidation. |
Metabolic Shift | Catabolic to Anabolic: Increased glycolytic flux; lactate production | Catabolic Maintenance: Reduced glycolysis; preserves mitochondrial activity. |
Major Cytokines | Pro-inflammatory: IL-1β, TNF-α, and interferons promote activation | Immunosuppressive: Increased IL-10 and TGF-β; decreased IL-12. |
Role in Immune Activation | T Cell Activation: Promotes CD8+, Th1/Th2/Th17 responses through antigen presentation | Immune Tolerance: Induces Treg expansion and suppresses effector T cell responses. |
Surface Markers | Co-stimulatory Molecules: High expression of CD40, CD80, CD86 | Inhibitory Markers: Lower CD40, CD80, CD86; increased PD-L1, PD-L2. |
Immunological Outcome | Pro-inflammatory Response: Effective T cell priming for pathogen/tumor elimination | Tolerogenic Response: Maintains immune tolerance; promotes Bregs and interacts with Tregs. |
Environmental Influence | Inflammatory Influence: Hypoxia and PAMPs/DAMPs drive glycolysis and migration via CCR7 | Tolerogenic Influence: Interacts with apoptotic cells and TGF-β to maintain tolerance. |
mTOR Pathway Involvement | mTOR Activation: Enhances glycolysis, supporting immunogenic functions | mTOR Inhibition: Promotes OXPHOS and mitochondrial activity, enhancing tolerance. |
Key Cellular Processes | ROS & NO Production: Increased levels support immunogenic signaling | Reduced Glycolysis and ROS: Lower flux and NO production favor tolerogenic functions. |