Fig. 3

TCDCA upregulated lipid biosynthetic process in GBM cells. A, B GO and reactome dot enrichment analysis of genes significantly altered in U251 cells after treatment with 200 μM TCDCA for 24 h. C Representative heat map of the upregulated and downregulated genes in 200 μM TCDCA-treated U251 cells compared with that in the control-treated cells. The depth of red represents the level of gene expression. The expression of several genes such as HMGCS1 and HMGCR were increased significantly. D The volcano plot showing the variation in 200 μM TCDCA-treated U251 cells compared with that in control-treated cells. E The mRNA expression of HMGCS1, ASNS, GADD45A, HMGCR, LDL, MVD, IDI1, CHAC1, ATF3 was detected in U251 cells after treated with 200 μM TCDCA for 24 h by RT-qPCR (n = 3/group, t-test). F The expression of HMGCS1 in U251 cells was detected after treated with 200 μM TCDCA for 24 h by western blot. G The expression of HMGCR in U251 cells was detected after treated with 200 μM TCDCA for 24 h by western blot. H Quantification analysis of the relative HMGCS1 level as shown in (G) (normalized to control, n = 4/group, Mann–Whitney test). I Quantification analysis of the relative HMGCR level (normalize to control, n = 6/group, Mann–Whitney test) as shown in (G). Data were mean + SEM. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01