Table 3 Microbiota that increases the efficiency of immunotherapy in various tumors
From: The human microbiome: redefining cancer pathogenesis and therapy
Cancer | Microbe | Effect on immunotherapy | Mode of action | Model organism/cell line | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Melanoma | Bifidobacterium spp | Enhance the efficacy of PD-L1 inhibitors | Activation of dendritic cells and enhancement of tumor-specific CD8 + T cells | C57BL/6 mice with B16.SIY melanoma | [196] |
Colorectal cancer | Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Synergized the efficacy of PD-L1 inhibitors and increased tumor inhibition | Increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria | Specific pathogen-free (SPF) BALB/c mice | [239] |
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | Probiotics | Enhance the efficacy of PD-L1 inhibitors | Enhanced progression-free survival and favorable clinical outcomes | Patients | [240] |
Epithelial tumors (Sarcoma, Melanoma, NSCLC, Renal cell carcinoma) | Akkermansia muciniphila | Restored the efficacy of PD-1 blockade | Promote the recruitment of CCR9 + CXCR3 + CD4 + T lymphocytes | C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice model, Patients | [241] |
Melanoma, Sarcoma, NSCLC | Bacteroides fragilis | Reestablished the reduced antitumor effects of CTLA-4 blockade | Modulates IL-12–dependent TH1 immune response | Patients and mice model | [242] |
Renal cell carcinoma | Clostridium butyricum(CBM 588) | Enhance the clinical outcome of nivolumab-ipilimumab treatment | Enhance the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus spp, increase the levels of IL-1β, G-CSF, IL-10, IL-12, GM-CSF, CCL4, TNF-α, and increase the number of IL-17A-producing cells (including γδT cells and CD4 cells) | Patients and mice model | |
Subcutaneous tumour | Consortium of 7 Bacteroidales and 4 non-Bacteroidales species | Enhances therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody | Increases interferon-γ-producing CD8 + T cells and expression of MHC class I | germ-free mice | [87] |
Melanoma | Bifidobacterium longum | Increased efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy | Increased frequency of dendritic cells, activated T cell’s response, induced number of SIY-specific CD8 + T cells, | Patients and mice model | [245] |
Melanoma | Clostridiales/Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibacterium spp | Enhances the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy and augment progression free survival | Enhanced systemic and antitumor immunity by inducingamino acid biosynthesis | Patients and germ-free recipient mice | [129] |