Table 1 The tumor-promoting effects of MSC-Exos
From: Progress of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in targeted delivery of antitumor drugs
Source of exosomes | Tumor type | Mechanism affecting tumors | Effect on tumor progression | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Human Bone marrow | lung cancer | Activates STAT3 signaling pathway | Promoting lung cancer cell invasion | [38] |
Human Bone marrow | osteosarcoma cell | Downregulation of PDCD4 and activation of ERK1/2 pathway | Promoting osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion | [39] |
Human Bone Marrow | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Activating FGF19/FGFR4-dependent ERK signaling | MSC-Exos stimulate nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression | [40] |
Human umbilical cord | Gastric cancer | Activating the protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway | MSC-Exos increase the invasive ability of gastric cancer cells by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition | [41] |
Gastric cancer tissue | Gastric cancer | Exosomal delivery of miR-221 to gastric cancer cells | Accelerates the growth and invasiveness of stomach cancer | [42] |
Human adipose | Breast cancer | Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway | Promotes migration of breast cancer cells | [43] |
Bone marrow stromal cells | Multiple myeloma | BM-MSC-Exos regulates the activation of multiple survival-related pathways, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase and AKT pathways | BMSC-Exos facilitate the proliferation and migration of multiple myeloma cells | [44] |
Human Wharton’s Jelly | Renal Cancer | Activation of AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways | Inducible hepatocyte growth factor promotes growth and invasion of carcinoid renal cancer cells | [45] |