Fig. 10

NRP1 promotes ccRCC progression through the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway. A GSEA plot of the association between NRP1 and the TGF-β in HALLMARK, KEGG genesets. B The protein levels of TGF-β in the cell supernatants of ccRCC cells with or without NRP1 knockdown. C Western blot analysis of SMAD2 and SMAD3 phosphorylation levels showing reduction post-NRP1 knockdown. D, E Transwell migration and EdU proliferation assays showing partial recovery of migration, invasion, and proliferation capacities with TGF-β treatment in NRP1 knockdown cells. F, G Wound-healing and viability assays confirming partial restoration of motility and viability. H Flow cytometry analysis showing reduced apoptosis with TGF-β treatment. I ELISA results for TGF-β levels. J Western blot indicating partial restoration of SMAD2 and SMAD3 phosphorylation levels following TGF-β treatment. K Proposed mechanism of NRP1 in promoting ccRCC progression